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Home Download Cheat Sheet Documentation Quickstart Installation Tutorial Features Performance Advanced Reference SQL Grammar Functions Data Types Javadoc PDF (1 MB) Support FAQ Error Analyzer Google Group (English) Google Group (Japanese) Google Group (Chinese) Appendix History & Roadmap License Build Links JaQu MVStore Architecture |  | # SQL Grammar ## Index ### Commands (Data Manipulation)
SELECT INSERT UPDATE DELETE | BACKUP CALL EXPLAIN MERGE | RUNSCRIPT SCRIPT SHOW WITH
### Commands (Data Definition)
ALTER INDEX RENAME ALTER SCHEMA RENAME ALTER SEQUENCE ALTER TABLE ADD ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT ALTER TABLE RENAME CONSTRAINT ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT ALTER TABLE SET ALTER TABLE RENAME ALTER USER ADMIN ALTER USER RENAME ALTER USER SET PASSWORD ALTER VIEW | ANALYZE COMMENT CREATE AGGREGATE CREATE ALIAS CREATE CONSTANT CREATE DOMAIN CREATE INDEX CREATE LINKED TABLE CREATE ROLE CREATE SCHEMA CREATE SEQUENCE CREATE TABLE CREATE TRIGGER CREATE USER CREATE VIEW | DROP AGGREGATE DROP ALIAS DROP ALL OBJECTS DROP CONSTANT DROP DOMAIN DROP INDEX DROP ROLE DROP SCHEMA DROP SEQUENCE DROP TABLE DROP TRIGGER DROP USER DROP VIEW TRUNCATE TABLE
### Commands (Other)
CHECKPOINT CHECKPOINT SYNC COMMIT COMMIT TRANSACTION GRANT RIGHT GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA GRANT ROLE HELP PREPARE COMMIT REVOKE RIGHT REVOKE ROLE ROLLBACK ROLLBACK TRANSACTION SAVEPOINT SET @ SET ALLOW_LITERALS SET AUTOCOMMIT SET CACHE_SIZE SET CLUSTER | SET BINARY_COLLATION SET COLLATION SET COMPRESS_LOB SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE SET EXCLUSIVE SET IGNORECASE SET JAVA_OBJECT_SERIALIZER SET LOG SET LOCK_MODE SET LOCK_TIMEOUT SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB SET MAX_LOG_SIZE SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY SET MODE | SET MULTI_THREADED SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS SET PASSWORD SET QUERY_STATISTICS SET QUERY_STATISTICS_MAX_ENTRIES SET QUERY_TIMEOUT SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY SET RETENTION_TIME SET SALT HASH SET SCHEMA SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH SET THROTTLE SET TRACE_LEVEL SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE SET UNDO_LOG SET WRITE_DELAY SHUTDOWN
### Other Grammar
Alias And Condition Array Boolean Bytes Case Case When Cipher Column Definition Comments Compare Condition Condition Right Hand Side Constraint Constraint Name Definition Csv Options | Data Type Date Decimal Digit Dollar Quoted String Expression Factor Hex Hex Number Index Column Int Long Name Null Number Numeric | Operand Order Quoted Name Referential Constraint Referential Action Script Compression Encryption Select Expression String Summand Table Expression Values Expression Term Time Timestamp Value
### System Tables Information Schema Range Table ## Details Click on the header to switch between railroad diagram and BNF. ### SELECT
    SELECT [ TOP term ] [ DISTINCT | ALL ] selectExpression [,...]
    FROM tableExpression [,...] [ WHERE expression ]
    [ GROUP BY expression [,...] ] [ HAVING expression ]
    [ { UNION [ ALL ] | MINUS | EXCEPT | INTERSECT } select ] [ ORDER BY order [,...] ]
    [ { LIMIT expression [ OFFSET expression ] [ SAMPLE_SIZE rowCountInt ] } | { [ OFFSET expression { ROW | ROWS } ] [ { FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } expression { ROW | ROWS } ONLY } ] } ]
    [ FOR UPDATE ]
`SELECT` |
`TOP term`
| `DISTINCT` |
| `ALL` |
| `selectExpression` |
| `, ...` |
`FROM tableExpression` |
| `, ...` |
`WHERE expression`
`GROUP BY expression` |
| `, ...` |
`HAVING expression`
`UNION` |
| `ALL` |
| `MINUS` |
| `EXCEPT` |
| `INTERSECT` |
| `select`
`ORDER BY order` |
| `, ...` |
`LIMIT expression` |
`OFFSET expression`
`SAMPLE_SIZE rowCountInt`
`OFFSET expression` |
| `ROW` |
| `ROWS` |
`FETCH` |
| `FIRST` |
| `NEXT` |
| `expression` |
| `ROW` |
| `ROWS` |
| `ONLY`
`FOR UPDATE`
Selects data from a table or multiple tables. `GROUP BY` groups the the result by the given expression(s). `HAVING` filter rows after grouping. `ORDER BY` sorts the result by the given column(s) or expression(s). `UNION` combines the result of this query with the results of another query. `LIMIT` and `FETCH FIRST`/`NEXT ROW`(S) `ONLY` limits the number of rows returned by the query (no limit if null or smaller than zero). `OFFSET` specified how many rows to skip. Please note using high offset values should be avoided because it can cause performance problems. `SAMPLE_SIZE` limits the number of rows read for aggregate queries. Multiple set operators (`UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS, EXPECT`) are evaluated from left to right. For compatibility with other databases and future versions of H2 please use parentheses. If `FOR UPDATE` is specified, the tables are locked for writing. When using `MVCC`, only the selected rows are locked as in an `UPDATE` statement. In this case, aggregate, `GROUP BY, DISTINCT` queries or joins are not allowed in this case. Example: SELECT * FROM TEST; SELECT * FROM TEST ORDER BY NAME; SELECT ID, COUNT(*) FROM TEST GROUP BY ID; SELECT NAME, COUNT(*) FROM TEST GROUP BY NAME HAVING COUNT(*) > 2; SELECT 'ID' COL, MAX(ID) AS MAX FROM TEST UNION SELECT 'NAME', MAX(NAME) FROM TEST; SELECT * FROM TEST LIMIT 1000; SELECT * FROM (SELECT ID, COUNT(*) FROM TEST GROUP BY ID UNION SELECT NULL, COUNT(*) FROM TEST) ORDER BY 1 NULLS LAST; ### INSERT
    INSERT INTO tableName
    { [ ( columnName [,...] ) ]
    { VALUES { ( { DEFAULT | expression } [,...] ) } [,...] | [ DIRECT ] [ SORTED ] select } } |
    { SET { columnName = { DEFAULT | expression } } [,...] }
`INSERT INTO tableName`
`( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
`VALUES (` |
| `DEFAULT` |
| `expression` |
| `, ...` |
| `)` |
| `, ...` |
| `DIRECT` |
| `SORTED` |
| `select`
`SET columnName =` |
| `DEFAULT` |
| `expression` |
| `, ...` |
Inserts a new row / new rows into a table. When using `DIRECT`, then the results from the query are directly applied in the target table without any intermediate step. When using `SORTED`, b-tree pages are split at the insertion point. This can improve performance and reduce disk usage. Example: INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1, 'Hello') ### UPDATE
    UPDATE tableName [ [ AS ] newTableAlias ] SET
    { { columnName = { DEFAULT | expression } } [,...] } |
    { ( columnName [,...] ) = ( select ) }
    [ WHERE expression ] [ ORDER BY order [,...] ] [ LIMIT expression ]
`UPDATE tableName` |
| `AS` |
| `newTableAlias`
| `SET`
`columnName =` |
| `DEFAULT` |
| `expression` |
| `, ...` |
`( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `) = ( select )`
`WHERE expression`
`ORDER BY order` |
| `, ...` |
`LIMIT expression`
Updates data in a table. `ORDER BY` is supported for MySQL compatibility, but it is ignored. Example: UPDATE TEST SET NAME='Hi' WHERE ID=1; UPDATE PERSON P SET NAME=(SELECT A.NAME FROM ADDRESS A WHERE A.ID=P.ID); ### DELETE
    DELETE [ TOP term ] FROM tableName [ WHERE expression ] [ LIMIT term ]
`DELETE` |
`TOP term`
| `FROM tableName` |
`WHERE expression`
`LIMIT term`
Deletes rows form a table. If `TOP` or `LIMIT` is specified, at most the specified number of rows are deleted (no limit if null or smaller than zero). Example: DELETE FROM TEST WHERE ID=2 ### BACKUP
    BACKUP TO fileNameString
`BACKUP TO fileNameString`
Backs up the database files to a .zip file. Objects are not locked, but the backup is transactionally consistent because the transaction log is also copied. Admin rights are required to execute this command. Example: BACKUP TO 'backup.zip' ### CALL
    CALL expression
`CALL expression`
Calculates a simple expression. This statement returns a result set with one row, except if the called function returns a result set itself. If the called function returns an array, then each element in this array is returned as a column. Example: CALL 15*25 ### EXPLAIN
    EXPLAIN { [ PLAN FOR ] | ANALYZE } { select | insert | update | delete | merge }
`EXPLAIN` |
`PLAN FOR`
| `ANALYZE` |
| `select` |
| `insert` |
| `update` |
| `delete` |
| `merge` |
Shows the execution plan for a statement. When using `EXPLAIN ANALYZE`, the statement is actually executed, and the query plan will include the actual row scan count for each table. Example: EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID=1 ### MERGE
    MERGE INTO tableName [ ( columnName [,...] ) ]
    [ KEY ( columnName [,...] ) ]
    { VALUES { ( { DEFAULT | expression } [,...] ) } [,...] | select }
`MERGE INTO tableName` |
`( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
`KEY ( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
`VALUES (` |
| `DEFAULT` |
| `expression` |
| `, ...` |
| `)` |
| `, ...` |
| `select` |
Updates existing rows, and insert rows that don't exist. If no key column is specified, the primary key columns are used to find the row. If more than one row per new row is affected, an exception is thrown. If the table contains an auto-incremented key or identity column, and the row was updated, the generated key is set to 0; otherwise it is set to the new key. Example: MERGE INTO TEST KEY(ID) VALUES(2, 'World') ### RUNSCRIPT
    RUNSCRIPT FROM fileNameString scriptCompressionEncryption
    [ CHARSET charsetString ]
`RUNSCRIPT FROM fileNameString scriptCompressionEncryption`
`CHARSET charsetString`
Runs a SQL script from a file. The script is a text file containing SQL statements; each statement must end with ';'. This command can be used to restore a database from a backup. The password must be in single quotes; it is case sensitive and can contain spaces. Instead of a file name, an URL may be used. To read a stream from the classpath, use the prefix 'classpath:'. See the Pluggable File System section on the Advanced page. The compression algorithm must match the one used when creating the script. Instead of a file, an URL may be used. Admin rights are required to execute this command. Example: RUNSCRIPT FROM 'backup.sql' RUNSCRIPT FROM 'classpath:/com/acme/test.sql' ### SCRIPT
    SCRIPT [ SIMPLE ] [ NODATA ] [ NOPASSWORDS ] [ NOSETTINGS ]
    [ DROP ] [ BLOCKSIZE blockSizeInt ]
    [ TO fileNameString scriptCompressionEncryption
    [ CHARSET charsetString ] ]
    [ TABLE tableName [, ...] ]
    [ SCHEMA schemaName [, ...] ]
`SCRIPT` |
| `SIMPLE` |
| `NODATA` |
| `NOPASSWORDS` |
| `NOSETTINGS` |
| `DROP` |
`BLOCKSIZE blockSizeInt`
`TO fileNameString scriptCompressionEncryption` |
`CHARSET charsetString`
`TABLE tableName` |
`, ...`
`SCHEMA schemaName` |
`, ...`
Creates a SQL script from the database. `SIMPLE` does not use multi-row insert statements. `NODATA` will not emit `INSERT` statements. If the `DROP` option is specified, drop statements are created for tables, views, and sequences. If the block size is set, `CLOB` and `BLOB` values larger than this size are split into separate blocks. `BLOCKSIZE` is used when writing out `LOB` data, and specifies the point at the values transition from being inserted as inline values, to be inserted using out-of-line commands. `NOSETTINGS` turns off dumping the database settings (the `SET XXX` commands) If no '`TO` fileName' clause is specified, the script is returned as a result set. This command can be used to create a backup of the database. For long term storage, it is more portable than copying the database files. If a '`TO` fileName' clause is specified, then the whole script (including insert statements) is written to this file, and a result set without the insert statements is returned. The password must be in single quotes; it is case sensitive and can contain spaces. This command locks objects while it is running. Admin rights are required to execute this command. When using the `TABLE` or `SCHEMA` option, only the selected table(s) / schema(s) are included. Example: SCRIPT NODATA ### SHOW
    SHOW { SCHEMAS | TABLES [ FROM schemaName ] |
    COLUMNS FROM tableName [ FROM schemaName ] }
`SHOW` |
| `SCHEMAS` |
`TABLES` |
`FROM schemaName`
`COLUMNS FROM tableName` |
`FROM schemaName`
Lists the schemas, tables, or the columns of a table. Example: SHOW TABLES ### WITH
    WITH [ RECURSIVE ] name ( columnName [,...] )
    AS ( select )
    select
`WITH` |
| `RECURSIVE` |
| `name ( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `) AS ( select ) select`
Can be used to create a recursive query. The first select has to be a `UNION`. Currently only one result set can be referred to by name. Example: WITH RECURSIVE t(n) AS ( SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT n + 1 FROM t WHERE n < 100 ) SELECT sum(n) FROM t; ### ALTER INDEX RENAME
    ALTER INDEX [ IF EXISTS ] indexName RENAME TO newIndexName
`ALTER INDEX` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `indexName RENAME TO newIndexName`
Renames an index. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER INDEX IDXNAME RENAME TO IDX_TEST_NAME ### ALTER SCHEMA RENAME
    ALTER SCHEMA [ IF EXISTS ] schema RENAME TO newSchemaName
`ALTER SCHEMA` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `schema RENAME TO newSchemaName`
Renames a schema. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER SCHEMA TEST RENAME TO PRODUCTION ### ALTER SEQUENCE
    ALTER SEQUENCE [ IF EXISTS ] sequenceName [ RESTART WITH long ] [ INCREMENT BY long ]
    [ MINVALUE long | NOMINVALUE | NO MINVALUE ]
    [ MAXVALUE long | NOMAXVALUE | NO MAXVALUE ]
    [ CYCLE long | NOCYCLE |  NO CYCLE ]
    [ CACHE long |  NOCACHE |  NO CACHE ]
`ALTER SEQUENCE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `sequenceName` |
`RESTART WITH long`
`INCREMENT BY long`
`MINVALUE long`
| `NOMINVALUE` |
`NO MINVALUE`
`MAXVALUE long`
| `NOMAXVALUE` |
`NO MAXVALUE`
`CYCLE long`
| `NOCYCLE` |
`NO CYCLE`
`CACHE long`
| `NOCACHE` |
`NO CACHE`
Changes the parameters of a sequence. This command does not commit the current transaction; however the new value is used by other transactions immediately, and rolling back this command has no effect. Example: ALTER SEQUENCE SEQ_ID RESTART WITH 1000 ### ALTER TABLE ADD
    ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName ADD [ COLUMN ]
    { [ IF NOT EXISTS ] columnDefinition | ( { columnDefinition } [,...] ) }
    [ { BEFORE | AFTER } columnName ]
`ALTER TABLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `tableName ADD` |
| `COLUMN` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `columnDefinition`
`( columnDefinition` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
| `BEFORE` |
| `AFTER` |
| `columnName`
Adds a new column to a table. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER TABLE TEST ADD CREATEDATE TIMESTAMP ### ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT
    ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName ADD constraint [ CHECK | NOCHECK ]
`ALTER TABLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `tableName ADD constraint` |
| `CHECK` |
| `NOCHECK` |
Adds a constraint to a table. If `NOCHECK` is specified, existing rows are not checked for consistency (the default is to check consistency for existing rows). The required indexes are automatically created if they don't exist yet. It is not possible to disable checking for unique constraints. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER TABLE TEST ADD CONSTRAINT NAME_UNIQUE UNIQUE(NAME) ### ALTER TABLE RENAME CONSTRAINT
    ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName RENAME oldConstraintName TO newConstraintName
`ALTER TABLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `tableName RENAME oldConstraintName TO newConstraintName`
Renames a constraint. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER TABLE TEST RENAME CONSTRAINT FOO TO BAR ### ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN
    ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName
    { { dataType [ VISIBLE | INVISIBLE ] [ DEFAULT expression ] [ [ NOT ] NULL ] [ AUTO_INCREMENT | IDENTITY ] }
    | { RENAME TO name }
    | { RESTART WITH long }
    | { SELECTIVITY int }
    | { SET DEFAULT expression }
    | { SET NULL }
    | { SET NOT NULL }
    | { SET { VISIBLE | INVISIBLE } } }
`ALTER TABLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName`
`dataType` |
| `VISIBLE` |
| `INVISIBLE` |
`DEFAULT expression`
| `NOT` |
| `NULL`
| `AUTO_INCREMENT` |
| `IDENTITY` |
`RENAME TO name`
`RESTART WITH long`
`SELECTIVITY int`
`SET DEFAULT expression`
`SET NULL`
`SET NOT NULL`
`SET` |
| `VISIBLE` |
| `INVISIBLE` |
Changes the data type of a column, rename a column, change the identity value, or change the selectivity. Changing the data type fails if the data can not be converted. `RESTART` changes the next value of an auto increment column. The column must already be an auto increment column. For `RESTART`, the same transactional rules as for `ALTER SEQUENCE` apply. `SELECTIVITY` sets the selectivity (1-100) for a column. Setting the selectivity to 0 means the default value. Selectivity is used by the cost based optimizer to calculate the estimated cost of an index. Selectivity 100 means values are unique, 10 means every distinct value appears 10 times on average. `SET DEFAULT` changes the default value of a column. `SET NULL` sets a column to allow `NULL`. The row may not be part of a primary key. Single column indexes on this column are dropped. `SET NOT NULL` sets a column to not allow `NULL`. Rows may not contains `NULL` in this column. `SET INVISIBLE` makes the column hidden, i.e. it will not appear in `SELECT` * results. `SET VISIBLE` has the reverse effect. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME CLOB; ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME RENAME TO TEXT; ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN ID RESTART WITH 10000; ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SELECTIVITY 100; ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET DEFAULT ''; ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET NOT NULL; ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET NULL; ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET VISIBLE; ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET INVISIBLE; ### ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
    ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName DROP COLUMN [ IF EXISTS ] ( columnName [,...] )
`ALTER TABLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `tableName DROP COLUMN` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
Removes column(s) from a table. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER TABLE TEST DROP COLUMN NAME ALTER TABLE TEST DROP COLUMN NAME1, NAME2 ### ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT
    ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName DROP { CONSTRAINT [ IF EXISTS ] constraintName | PRIMARY KEY }
`ALTER TABLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `tableName DROP` |
`CONSTRAINT` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `constraintName`
`PRIMARY KEY`
Removes a constraint or a primary key from a table. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER TABLE TEST DROP CONSTRAINT UNIQUE_NAME ### ALTER TABLE SET
    ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY
    { FALSE | TRUE [ CHECK | NOCHECK ] }
`ALTER TABLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `tableName SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY` |
| `FALSE` |
`TRUE` |
| `CHECK` |
| `NOCHECK` |
Disables or enables referential integrity checking for a table. This command can be used inside a transaction. Enabling referential integrity does not check existing data, except if `CHECK` is specified. Use `SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY` to disable it for all tables; the global flag and the flag for each table are independent. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER TABLE TEST SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY FALSE ### ALTER TABLE RENAME
    ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName RENAME TO newName
`ALTER TABLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `tableName RENAME TO newName`
Renames a table. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER TABLE TEST RENAME TO MY_DATA ### ALTER USER ADMIN
    ALTER USER userName ADMIN { TRUE | FALSE }
`ALTER USER userName ADMIN` |
| `TRUE` |
| `FALSE` |
Switches the admin flag of a user on or off. Only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER USER TOM ADMIN TRUE ### ALTER USER RENAME
    ALTER USER userName RENAME TO newUserName
`ALTER USER userName RENAME TO newUserName`
Renames a user. After renaming a user, the password becomes invalid and needs to be changed as well. Only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER USER TOM RENAME TO THOMAS ### ALTER USER SET PASSWORD
    ALTER USER userName SET { PASSWORD string | SALT bytes HASH bytes }
`ALTER USER userName SET` |
`PASSWORD string`
`SALT bytes HASH bytes`
Changes the password of a user. Only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed. The password must be enclosed in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces. The salt and hash values are hex strings. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER USER SA SET PASSWORD 'rioyxlgt' ### ALTER VIEW
    ALTER VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] viewName RECOMPILE
`ALTER VIEW` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `viewName RECOMPILE`
Recompiles a view after the underlying tables have been changed or created. This command is used for views created using `CREATE FORCE VIEW`. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ALTER VIEW ADDRESS_VIEW RECOMPILE ### ANALYZE
    ANALYZE [ SAMPLE_SIZE rowCountInt ]
`ANALYZE` |
`SAMPLE_SIZE rowCountInt`
Updates the selectivity statistics of all tables. The selectivity is used by the cost based optimizer to select the best index for a given query. If no sample size is set, up to 10000 rows per table are read. The value 0 means all rows are read. The selectivity can be set manually using `ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SELECTIVITY`. Manual values are overwritten by this statement. The selectivity is available in the `INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS` table. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: ANALYZE SAMPLE_SIZE 1000 ### COMMENT
    COMMENT ON
    { { COLUMN [ schemaName. ] tableName.columnName }
    | { { TABLE | VIEW | CONSTANT | CONSTRAINT | ALIAS | INDEX | ROLE
    | SCHEMA | SEQUENCE | TRIGGER | USER | DOMAIN } [ schemaName. ] objectName } }
    IS expression
`COMMENT ON`
`COLUMN` |
`schemaName .`
| `tableName . columnName`
| `TABLE` |
| `VIEW` |
| `CONSTANT` |
| `CONSTRAINT` |
| `ALIAS` |
| `INDEX` |
| `ROLE` |
| `SCHEMA` |
| `SEQUENCE` |
| `TRIGGER` |
| `USER` |
| `DOMAIN` |
`schemaName .`
| `objectName`
`IS expression`
Sets the comment of a database object. Use `NULL` to remove the comment. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: COMMENT ON TABLE TEST IS 'Table used for testing' ### CREATE AGGREGATE
    CREATE AGGREGATE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newAggregateName FOR className
`CREATE AGGREGATE` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newAggregateName FOR className`
Creates a new user-defined aggregate function. The method name must be the full qualified class name. The class must implement the interface `org.h2.api.AggregateFunction`. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE AGGREGATE MEDIAN FOR "com.acme.db.Median" ### CREATE ALIAS
    CREATE ALIAS [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newFunctionAliasName [ DETERMINISTIC ]
    [ NOBUFFER ] { FOR classAndMethodName | AS sourceCodeString }
`CREATE ALIAS` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newFunctionAliasName` |
| `DETERMINISTIC` |
| `NOBUFFER` |
`FOR classAndMethodName`
`AS sourceCodeString`
Creates a new function alias. If this is a ResultSet returning function, by default the return value is cached in a local temporary file. `NOBUFFER` - disables caching of ResultSet return value to temporary file. `DETERMINISTIC` - Deterministic functions must always return the same value for the same parameters. The method name must be the full qualified class and method name, and may optionally include the parameter classes as in `java.lang.Integer.parseInt(java.lang.String, int)`. The class and the method must both be public, and the method must be static. The class must be available in the classpath of the database engine (when using the server mode, it must be in the classpath of the server). When defining a function alias with source code, the Sun `javac` is compiler is used if the file `tools.jar` is in the classpath. If not, `javac` is run as a separate process. Only the source code is stored in the database; the class is compiled each time the database is re-opened. Source code is usually passed as dollar quoted text to avoid escaping problems. If import statements are used, then the tag `@CODE` must be added before the method. If the method throws an `SQLException`, it is directly re-thrown to the calling application; all other exceptions are first converted to a `SQLException`. If the first parameter of the Java function is a `java.sql.Connection`, then a connection to the database is provided. This connection must not be closed. If the class contains multiple methods with the given name but different parameter count, all methods are mapped. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. If you have the Groovy jar in your classpath, it is also possible to write methods using Groovy. Example: CREATE ALIAS MY_SQRT FOR "java.lang.Math.sqrt"; CREATE ALIAS GET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY FOR "java.lang.System.getProperty"; CALL GET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY('java.class.path'); CALL GET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY('com.acme.test', 'true'); CREATE ALIAS REVERSE AS $$ String reverse(String s) { return new StringBuilder(s).reverse().toString(); } $$; CALL REVERSE('Test'); CREATE ALIAS tr AS $$@groovy.transform.CompileStatic static String tr(String str, String sourceSet, String replacementSet){ return str.tr(sourceSet, replacementSet); } $$ ### CREATE CONSTANT
    CREATE CONSTANT [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newConstantName VALUE expression
`CREATE CONSTANT` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newConstantName VALUE expression`
Creates a new constant. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE CONSTANT ONE VALUE 1 ### CREATE DOMAIN
    CREATE DOMAIN [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newDomainName AS dataType
    [ DEFAULT expression ] [ [ NOT ] NULL ] [ SELECTIVITY selectivity ]
    [ CHECK condition ]
`CREATE DOMAIN` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newDomainName AS dataType`
`DEFAULT expression`
| `NOT` |
| `NULL`
`SELECTIVITY selectivity`
`CHECK condition`
Creates a new data type (domain). The check condition must evaluate to true or to `NULL` (to prevent `NULL`, use `NOT NULL`). In the condition, the term `VALUE` refers to the value being tested. Domains are usable within the whole database. They can not be created in a specific schema. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE DOMAIN EMAIL AS VARCHAR(255) CHECK (POSITION('@', VALUE) > 1) ### CREATE INDEX
    CREATE
    { [ UNIQUE ] [ HASH | SPATIAL] INDEX [ [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newIndexName ]
    | PRIMARY KEY [ HASH ] }
    ON tableName ( indexColumn [,...] )
`CREATE`
| `UNIQUE` |
| `HASH` |
| `SPATIAL` |
| `INDEX` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newIndexName`
`PRIMARY KEY` |
| `HASH` |
`ON tableName ( indexColumn` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
Creates a new index. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Hash indexes are meant for in-memory databases and memory tables (`CREATE MEMORY TABLE`). For other tables, or if the index contains multiple columns, the `HASH` keyword is ignored. Hash indexes can only test for equality, and do not support range queries (similar to a hash table). Non-unique keys are supported. Spatial indexes are supported only on Geometry columns. Example: CREATE INDEX IDXNAME ON TEST(NAME) ### CREATE LINKED TABLE
    CREATE [ FORCE ] [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] TEMPORARY ]
    LINKED TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
    name ( driverString, urlString, userString, passwordString,
    [ originalSchemaString, ] originalTableString ) [ EMIT UPDATES | READONLY ]
`CREATE` |
| `FORCE` |
| `GLOBAL` |
| `LOCAL` |
| `TEMPORARY`
`LINKED TABLE` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
`name ( driverString , urlString , userString , passwordString ,`
`originalSchemaString ,`
| `originalTableString )` |
`EMIT UPDATES`
| `READONLY` |
Creates a table link to an external table. The driver name may be empty if the driver is already loaded. If the schema name is not set, only one table with that name may exist in the target database. `FORCE` - Create the `LINKED TABLE` even if the remote database/table does not exist. `EMIT UPDATES` - Usually, for update statements, the old rows are deleted first and then the new rows are inserted. It is possible to emit update statements (except on rollback), however in this case multi-row unique key updates may not always work. Linked tables to the same database share one connection. `READONLY` - is set, the remote table may not be updated. This is enforced by H2. If the connection to the source database is lost, the connection is re-opened (this is a workaround for MySQL that disconnects after 8 hours of inactivity by default). If a query is used instead of the original table name, the table is read only. Queries must be enclosed in parenthesis: `(SELECT * FROM ORDERS)`. To use `JNDI` to get the connection, the driver class must be a javax.naming.Context (for example `javax.naming.InitialContext`), and the URL must be the resource name (for example `java:comp/env/jdbc/Test`). Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE LINKED TABLE LINK('org.h2.Driver', 'jdbc:h2:test2', 'sa', 'sa', 'TEST'); CREATE LINKED TABLE LINK('', 'jdbc:h2:test2', 'sa', 'sa', '(SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID>0)'); CREATE LINKED TABLE LINK('javax.naming.InitialContext', 'java:comp/env/jdbc/Test', NULL, NULL, '(SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID>0)'); ### CREATE ROLE
    CREATE ROLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newRoleName
`CREATE ROLE` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newRoleName`
Creates a new role. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE ROLE READONLY ### CREATE SCHEMA
    CREATE SCHEMA [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name [ AUTHORIZATION ownerUserName ]
    [ WITH tableEngineParamName [,...] ]
`CREATE SCHEMA` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `name` |
`AUTHORIZATION ownerUserName`
`WITH tableEngineParamName` |
| `, ...` |
Creates a new schema. If no owner is specified, the current user is used. The user that executes the command must have admin rights, as well as the owner. Specifying the owner currently has no effect. Optional table engine parameters are used when `CREATE TABLE` command is run on this schema without having its engine params set. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE SCHEMA TEST_SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION SA ### CREATE SEQUENCE
    CREATE SEQUENCE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newSequenceName [ START WITH long ]
    [ INCREMENT BY long ]
    [ MINVALUE long | NOMINVALUE | NO MINVALUE ]
    [ MAXVALUE long | NOMAXVALUE | NO MAXVALUE ]
    [ CYCLE long | NOCYCLE |  NO CYCLE ]
    [ CACHE long |  NOCACHE |  NO CACHE ]
`CREATE SEQUENCE` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newSequenceName` |
`START WITH long`
`INCREMENT BY long`
`MINVALUE long`
| `NOMINVALUE` |
`NO MINVALUE`
`MAXVALUE long`
| `NOMAXVALUE` |
`NO MAXVALUE`
`CYCLE long`
| `NOCYCLE` |
`NO CYCLE`
`CACHE long`
| `NOCACHE` |
`NO CACHE`
Creates a new sequence. The data type of a sequence is `BIGINT`. Used values are never re-used, even when the transaction is rolled back. The cache is the number of pre-allocated numbers. If the system crashes without closing the database, at most this many numbers are lost. The default cache size is 32. To disable caching, use the cache size 1 or lower. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE SEQUENCE SEQ_ID ### CREATE TABLE
    CREATE [ CACHED | MEMORY ] [ TEMP | [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] TEMPORARY ]
    TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name
    [ ( { columnDefinition | constraint } [,...] ) ]
    [ ENGINE tableEngineName ]
    [ WITH tableEngineParamName [,...] ]
    [ NOT PERSISTENT ] [ TRANSACTIONAL ]
    [ AS select ]
`CREATE` |
| `CACHED` |
| `MEMORY` |
| `TEMP` |
| `GLOBAL` |
| `LOCAL` |
| `TEMPORARY`
`TABLE` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `name`
`(` |
| `columnDefinition` |
| `constraint` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
`ENGINE tableEngineName`
`WITH tableEngineParamName` |
| `, ...` |
`NOT PERSISTENT`
| `TRANSACTIONAL` |
`AS select`
Creates a new table. Cached tables (the default for regular tables) are persistent, and the number of rows is not limited by the main memory. Memory tables (the default for temporary tables) are persistent, but the index data is kept in main memory, that means memory tables should not get too large. Temporary tables are deleted when closing or opening a database. Temporary tables can be global (accessible by all connections) or local (only accessible by the current connection). The default for temporary tables is global. Indexes of temporary tables are kept fully in main memory, unless the temporary table is created using `CREATE CACHED TABLE`. The `ENGINE` option is only required when custom table implementations are used. The table engine class must implement the interface `org.h2.api.TableEngine`. Any table engine parameters are passed down in the tableEngineParams field of the CreateTableData object. Either `ENGINE`, or `WITH` (table engine params), or both may be specified. If `ENGINE` is not specified in `CREATE TABLE`, then the engine specified by `DEFAULT_TABLE_ENGINE` option of database params is used. Tables with the `NOT PERSISTENT` modifier are kept fully in memory, and all rows are lost when the database is closed. The column definition is optional if a query is specified. In that case the column list of the query is used. This command commits an open transaction, except when using `TRANSACTIONAL` (only supported for temporary tables). Example: CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255)) ### CREATE TRIGGER
    CREATE TRIGGER [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newTriggerName { BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
    { INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | SELECT | ROLLBACK } [,...] ON tableName [ FOR EACH ROW ]
    [ QUEUE int ] [ NOWAIT ] { CALL triggeredClassName | AS sourceCodeString }
`CREATE TRIGGER` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newTriggerName` |
| `BEFORE` |
| `AFTER` |
`INSTEAD OF`
| `INSERT` |
| `UPDATE` |
| `DELETE` |
| `SELECT` |
| `ROLLBACK` |
| `, ...` |
| `ON tableName` |
`FOR EACH ROW`
`QUEUE int`
| `NOWAIT` |
`CALL triggeredClassName`
`AS sourceCodeString`
Creates a new trigger. The trigger class must be public and implement `org.h2.api.Trigger`. Inner classes are not supported. The class must be available in the classpath of the database engine (when using the server mode, it must be in the classpath of the server). The sourceCodeString must define a single method with no parameters that returns `org.h2.api.Trigger`. See `CREATE ALIAS` for requirements regarding the compilation. `BEFORE` triggers are called after data conversion is made, default values are set, null and length constraint checks have been made; but before other constraints have been checked. If there are multiple triggers, the order in which they are called is undefined. `ROLLBACK` can be specified in combination with `INSERT, UPDATE`, and `DELETE`. Only row based `AFTER` trigger can be called on `ROLLBACK`. Exceptions that occur within such triggers are ignored. As the operations that occur within a trigger are part of the transaction, `ROLLBACK` triggers are only required if an operation communicates outside of the database. `INSTEAD OF` triggers are implicitly row based and behave like `BEFORE` triggers. Only the first such trigger is called. Such triggers on views are supported. They can be used to make views updatable. A `BEFORE SELECT` trigger is fired just before the database engine tries to read from the table. The trigger can be used to update a table on demand. The trigger is called with both 'old' and 'new' set to null. The `MERGE` statement will call both `INSERT` and `UPDATE` triggers. Not supported are `SELECT` triggers with the option `FOR EACH ROW`, and `AFTER SELECT` triggers. Committing or rolling back a transaction within a trigger is not allowed, except for `SELECT` triggers. By default a trigger is called once for each statement, without the old and new rows. `FOR EACH ROW` triggers are called once for each inserted, updated, or deleted row. `QUEUE` is implemented for syntax compatibility with `HSQL` and has no effect. The trigger need to be created in the same schema as the table. The schema name does not need to be specified when creating the trigger. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE TRIGGER TRIG_INS BEFORE INSERT ON TEST FOR EACH ROW CALL "MyTrigger"; CREATE TRIGGER TRIG_SRC BEFORE INSERT ON TEST AS $$org.h2.api.Trigger create() { return new MyTrigger("constructorParam"); } $$; ### CREATE USER
    CREATE USER [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newUserName
    { PASSWORD string | SALT bytes HASH bytes } [ ADMIN ]
`CREATE USER` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newUserName`
`PASSWORD string`
`SALT bytes HASH bytes`
| `ADMIN` |
Creates a new user. For compatibility, only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed. The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces. The salt and hash values are hex strings. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE USER GUEST PASSWORD 'abc' ### CREATE VIEW
    CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ FORCE ] VIEW [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newViewName
    [ ( columnName [,...] ) ] AS select
`CREATE` |
`OR REPLACE`
| `FORCE` |
| `VIEW` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newViewName`
`( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
| `AS select`
Creates a new view. If the force option is used, then the view is created even if the underlying table(s) don't exist. If the `OR REPLACE` clause is used an existing view will be replaced, and any dependent views will not need to be recreated. If dependent views will become invalid as a result of the change an error will be generated, but this error can be ignored if the `FORCE` clause is also used. Views are not updatable except when using 'instead of' triggers. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: CREATE VIEW TEST_VIEW AS SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID < 100 ### DROP AGGREGATE
    DROP AGGREGATE [ IF EXISTS ] aggregateName
`DROP AGGREGATE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `aggregateName`
Drops an existing user-defined aggregate function. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP AGGREGATE MEDIAN ### DROP ALIAS
    DROP ALIAS [ IF EXISTS ] existingFunctionAliasName
`DROP ALIAS` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `existingFunctionAliasName`
Drops an existing function alias. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP ALIAS MY_SQRT ### DROP ALL OBJECTS
    DROP ALL OBJECTS [ DELETE FILES ]
`DROP ALL OBJECTS` |
`DELETE FILES`
Drops all existing views, tables, sequences, schemas, function aliases, roles, user-defined aggregate functions, domains, and users (except the current user). If `DELETE FILES` is specified, the database files will be removed when the last user disconnects from the database. Warning: this command can not be rolled back. Admin rights are required to execute this command. Example: DROP ALL OBJECTS ### DROP CONSTANT
    DROP CONSTANT [ IF EXISTS ] constantName
`DROP CONSTANT` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `constantName`
Drops a constant. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP CONSTANT ONE ### DROP DOMAIN
    DROP DOMAIN [ IF EXISTS ] domainName
`DROP DOMAIN` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `domainName`
Drops a data type (domain). This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP DOMAIN EMAIL ### DROP INDEX
    DROP INDEX [ IF EXISTS ] indexName
`DROP INDEX` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `indexName`
Drops an index. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP INDEX IF EXISTS IDXNAME ### DROP ROLE
    DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] roleName
`DROP ROLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `roleName`
Drops a role. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP ROLE READONLY ### DROP SCHEMA
    DROP SCHEMA [ IF EXISTS ] schemaName
`DROP SCHEMA` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `schemaName`
Drops a schema. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP SCHEMA TEST_SCHEMA ### DROP SEQUENCE
    DROP SEQUENCE [ IF EXISTS ] sequenceName
`DROP SEQUENCE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `sequenceName`
Drops a sequence. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP SEQUENCE SEQ_ID ### DROP TABLE
    DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName [,...] [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
`DROP TABLE` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `tableName` |
| `, ...` |
| `RESTRICT` |
| `CASCADE` |
Drops an existing table, or a list of tables. The command will fail if dependent views exist and the `RESTRICT` clause is used (the default). All dependent views are dropped as well if the `CASCADE` clause is used. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP TABLE TEST ### DROP TRIGGER
    DROP TRIGGER [ IF EXISTS ] triggerName
`DROP TRIGGER` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `triggerName`
Drops an existing trigger. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP TRIGGER TRIG_INS ### DROP USER
    DROP USER [ IF EXISTS ] userName
`DROP USER` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `userName`
Drops a user. The current user cannot be dropped. For compatibility, only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP USER TOM ### DROP VIEW
    DROP VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] viewName [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
`DROP VIEW` |
`IF EXISTS`
| `viewName` |
| `RESTRICT` |
| `CASCADE` |
Drops an existing view. All dependent views are dropped as well if the `CASCADE` clause is used (the default). The command will fail if dependent views exist and the `RESTRICT` clause is used. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: DROP VIEW TEST_VIEW ### TRUNCATE TABLE
    TRUNCATE TABLE tableName
`TRUNCATE TABLE tableName`
Removes all rows from a table. Unlike `DELETE FROM` without where clause, this command can not be rolled back. This command is faster than `DELETE` without where clause. Only regular data tables without foreign key constraints can be truncated (except if referential integrity is disabled for this database or for this table). Linked tables can't be truncated. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: TRUNCATE TABLE TEST ### CHECKPOINT
    CHECKPOINT
`CHECKPOINT` Flushes the data to disk. Admin rights are required to execute this command. Example: CHECKPOINT ### CHECKPOINT SYNC
    CHECKPOINT SYNC
`CHECKPOINT SYNC`
Flushes the data to disk and and forces all system buffers be written to the underlying device. Admin rights are required to execute this command. Example: CHECKPOINT SYNC ### COMMIT
    COMMIT [ WORK ]
`COMMIT` |
| `WORK` |
Commits a transaction. Example: COMMIT ### COMMIT TRANSACTION
    COMMIT TRANSACTION transactionName
`COMMIT TRANSACTION transactionName`
Sets the resolution of an in-doubt transaction to 'commit'. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command is part of the 2-phase-commit protocol. Example: COMMIT TRANSACTION XID_TEST ### GRANT RIGHT
    GRANT { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | ALL } [,...] ON
    { { SCHEMA schemaName } | { tableName [,...] } }
    TO { PUBLIC | userName | roleName }
`GRANT` |
| `SELECT` |
| `INSERT` |
| `UPDATE` |
| `DELETE` |
| `ALL` |
| `, ...` |
| `ON`
`SCHEMA schemaName`
`tableName` |
| `, ...` |
`TO` |
| `PUBLIC` |
| `userName` |
| `roleName` |
Grants rights for a table to a user or role. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: GRANT SELECT ON TEST TO READONLY ### GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA
    GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA TO userName
`GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA TO userName`
Grant schema altering rights to a user. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA TO Bob ### GRANT ROLE
    GRANT roleName TO { PUBLIC | userName | roleName }
`GRANT roleName TO` |
| `PUBLIC` |
| `userName` |
| `roleName` |
Grants a role to a user or role. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: GRANT READONLY TO PUBLIC ### HELP
    HELP [ anything [...] ]
`HELP` |
`anything` |
| `...` |
Displays the help pages of SQL commands or keywords. Example: HELP SELECT ### PREPARE COMMIT
    PREPARE COMMIT newTransactionName
`PREPARE COMMIT newTransactionName`
Prepares committing a transaction. This command is part of the 2-phase-commit protocol. Example: PREPARE COMMIT XID_TEST ### REVOKE RIGHT
    REVOKE { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | ALL } [,...] ON
    { { SCHEMA schemaName } | { tableName [,...] } }
    FROM { PUBLIC | userName | roleName }
`REVOKE` |
| `SELECT` |
| `INSERT` |
| `UPDATE` |
| `DELETE` |
| `ALL` |
| `, ...` |
| `ON`
`SCHEMA schemaName`
`tableName` |
| `, ...` |
`FROM` |
| `PUBLIC` |
| `userName` |
| `roleName` |
Removes rights for a table from a user or role. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: REVOKE SELECT ON TEST FROM READONLY ### REVOKE ROLE
    REVOKE roleName FROM { PUBLIC | userName | roleName }
`REVOKE roleName FROM` |
| `PUBLIC` |
| `userName` |
| `roleName` |
Removes a role from a user or role. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: REVOKE READONLY FROM TOM ### ROLLBACK
    ROLLBACK [ TO SAVEPOINT savepointName ]
`ROLLBACK` |
`TO SAVEPOINT savepointName`
Rolls back a transaction. If a savepoint name is used, the transaction is only rolled back to the specified savepoint. Example: ROLLBACK ### ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
    ROLLBACK TRANSACTION transactionName
`ROLLBACK TRANSACTION transactionName`
Sets the resolution of an in-doubt transaction to 'rollback'. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command is part of the 2-phase-commit protocol. Example: ROLLBACK TRANSACTION XID_TEST ### SAVEPOINT
    SAVEPOINT savepointName
`SAVEPOINT savepointName`
Create a new savepoint. See also `ROLLBACK`. Savepoints are only valid until the transaction is committed or rolled back. Example: SAVEPOINT HALF_DONE ### SET @
    SET @variableName [ = ] expression
`SET @variableName` |
| `=` |
| `expression`
Updates a user-defined variable. Variables are not persisted and session scoped, that means only visible from within the session in which they are defined. This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it. Example: SET @TOTAL=0 ### SET ALLOW_LITERALS
    SET ALLOW_LITERALS { NONE | ALL | NUMBERS }
`SET ALLOW_LITERALS` |
| `NONE` |
| `ALL` |
| `NUMBERS` |
This setting can help solve the SQL injection problem. By default, text and number literals are allowed in SQL statements. However, this enables SQL injection if the application dynamically builds SQL statements. SQL injection is not possible if user data is set using parameters ('?'). `NONE` means literals of any kind are not allowed, only parameters and constants are allowed. `NUMBERS` mean only numerical and boolean literals are allowed. `ALL` means all literals are allowed (default). See also `CREATE CONSTANT`. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE` Example: SET ALLOW_LITERALS NONE ### SET AUTOCOMMIT
    SET AUTOCOMMIT { TRUE | ON | FALSE | OFF }
`SET AUTOCOMMIT` |
| `TRUE` |
| `ON` |
| `FALSE` |
| `OFF` |
Switches auto commit on or off. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;AUTOCOMMIT=OFF` - however this will not work as expected when using a connection pool (the connection pool manager will re-enable autocommit when returning the connection to the pool, so autocommit will only be disabled the first time the connection is used. Example: SET AUTOCOMMIT OFF ### SET CACHE_SIZE
    SET CACHE_SIZE int
`SET CACHE_SIZE int`
Sets the size of the cache in KB (each KB being 1024 bytes) for the current database. The default is 65536 per available GB of `RAM`, i.e. 64 MB per GB. The value is rounded to the next higher power of two. Depending on the virtual machine, the actual memory required may be higher. This setting is persistent and affects all connections as there is only one cache per database. Using a very small value (specially 0) will reduce performance a lot. This setting only affects the database engine (the server in a client/server environment; in embedded mode, the database engine is in the same process as the application). It has no effect for in-memory databases. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;CACHE_SIZE=8192` Example: SET CACHE_SIZE 8192 ### SET CLUSTER
    SET CLUSTER serverListString
`SET CLUSTER serverListString`
This command should not be used directly by an application, the statement is executed automatically by the system. The behavior may change in future releases. Sets the cluster server list. An empty string switches off the cluster mode. Switching on the cluster mode requires admin rights, but any user can switch it off (this is automatically done when the client detects the other server is not responding). This command is effective immediately, but does not commit an open transaction. Example: SET CLUSTER '' ### SET BINARY_COLLATION
    SET BINARY_COLLATION
    { UNSIGNED | SIGNED } ] }
`SET BINARY_COLLATION`
| `UNSIGNED` |
| `SIGNED` |
Sets the collation used for comparing `BINARY` columns, the default is `SIGNED` for version 1.3 and older, and `UNSIGNED` for version 1.4 and newer. This command can only be executed if there are no tables defined. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. Example: SET BINARY_COLLATION SIGNED ### SET COLLATION
    SET [ DATABASE ] COLLATION
    { OFF | collationName [ STRENGTH { PRIMARY | SECONDARY | TERTIARY | IDENTICAL } ] }
`SET` |
| `DATABASE` |
| `COLLATION`
| `OFF` |
`collationName` |
`STRENGTH` |
| `PRIMARY` |
| `SECONDARY` |
| `TERTIARY` |
| `IDENTICAL` |
Sets the collation used for comparing strings. This command can only be executed if there are no tables defined. See `java.text.Collator` for details about the supported collations and the `STRENGTH` (`PRIMARY` is usually case- and umlaut-insensitive; `SECONDARY` is case-insensitive but umlaut-sensitive; `TERTIARY` is both case- and umlaut-sensitive; `IDENTICAL` is sensitive to all differences and only affects ordering). The `ICU4J` collator is used if it is in the classpath. It is also used if the collation name starts with `ICU4J_` (in that case, the `ICU4J` must be in the classpath, otherwise an exception is thrown). The default collator is used if the collation name starts with `DEFAULT_` (even if `ICU4J` is in the classpath). Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. Example: SET COLLATION ENGLISH ### SET COMPRESS_LOB
    SET COMPRESS_LOB { NO | LZF | DEFLATE }
`SET COMPRESS_LOB` |
| `NO` |
| `LZF` |
| `DEFLATE` |
This feature is only available for the PageStore storage engine. For the `MVStore` engine (the default for H2 version 1.4.x), append `;COMPRESS=TRUE` to the database URL instead. Sets the compression algorithm for `BLOB` and `CLOB` data. Compression is usually slower, but needs less disk space. `LZF` is faster but uses more space. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. Example: SET COMPRESS_LOB LZF ### SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER
    SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER classNameString
`SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER classNameString`
Sets the event listener class. An empty string ('') means no listener should be used. This setting is not persistent. Admin rights are required to execute this command, except if it is set when opening the database (in this case it is reset just after opening the database). This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER='sample.MyListener'` Example: SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER 'sample.MyListener' ### SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY
    SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY int
`SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY int`
Sets the delay for closing a database if all connections are closed. The value -1 means the database is never closed until the close delay is set to some other value or `SHUTDOWN` is called. The value 0 means no delay (default; the database is closed if the last connection to it is closed). Values 1 and larger mean the number of seconds the database is left open after closing the last connection. If the application exits normally or System.exit is called, the database is closed immediately, even if a delay is set. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1` Example: SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY -1 ### SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT
    SET DEFAULT LOCK_TIMEOUT int
`SET DEFAULT LOCK_TIMEOUT int`
Sets the default lock timeout (in milliseconds) in this database that is used for the new sessions. The default value for this setting is 1000 (one second). Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. Example: SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT 5000 ### SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE
    SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE { MEMORY | CACHED }
`SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE` |
| `MEMORY` |
| `CACHED` |
Sets the default table storage type that is used when creating new tables. Memory tables are kept fully in the main memory (including indexes), however the data is still stored in the database file. The size of memory tables is limited by the memory. The default is `CACHED`. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. It has no effect for in-memory databases. Example: SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE MEMORY ### SET EXCLUSIVE
    SET EXCLUSIVE { 0 | 1 | 2 }
`SET EXCLUSIVE` |
| `0` |
| `1` |
| `2` |
Switched the database to exclusive mode (1, 2) and back to normal mode (0). In exclusive mode, new connections are rejected, and operations by other connections are paused until the exclusive mode is disabled. When using the value 1, existing connections stay open. When using the value 2, all existing connections are closed (and current transactions are rolled back) except the connection that executes `SET EXCLUSIVE`. Only the connection that set the exclusive mode can disable it. When the connection is closed, it is automatically disabled. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: SET EXCLUSIVE 1 ### SET IGNORECASE
    SET IGNORECASE { TRUE | FALSE }
`SET IGNORECASE` |
| `TRUE` |
| `FALSE` |
If `IGNORECASE` is enabled, text columns in newly created tables will be case-insensitive. Already existing tables are not affected. The effect of case-insensitive columns is similar to using a collation with strength `PRIMARY`. Case-insensitive columns are compared faster than when using a collation. String literals and parameters are however still considered case sensitive even if this option is set. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;IGNORECASE=TRUE` Example: SET IGNORECASE TRUE ### SET JAVA_OBJECT_SERIALIZER
    SET JAVA_OBJECT_SERIALIZER
    { null | className }
`SET JAVA_OBJECT_SERIALIZER`
| `null` |
| `className` |
Sets the object used to serialize and deserialize java objects being stored in column of type `OTHER`. The serializer class must be public and implement `org.h2.api.JavaObjectSerializer`. Inner classes are not supported. The class must be available in the classpath of the database engine (when using the server mode, it must be both in the classpath of the server and the client). This command can only be executed if there are no tables defined. Admin rights are required to execute this command. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;JAVA_OBJECT_SERIALIZER='com.acme.SerializerClassName'` Example: SET JAVA_OBJECT_SERIALIZER 'com.acme.SerializerClassName' ### SET LOG
    SET LOG int
`SET LOG int`
Sets the transaction log mode. The values 0, 1, and 2 are supported, the default is 2. This setting affects all connections. `LOG` 0 means the transaction log is disabled completely. It is the fastest mode, but also the most dangerous: if the process is killed while the database is open in this mode, the data might be lost. It must only be used if this is not a problem, for example when initially loading a database, or when running tests. `LOG` 1 means the transaction log is enabled, but FileDescriptor.sync is disabled. This setting is about half as fast as with `LOG` 0. This setting is useful if no protection against power failure is required, but the data must be protected against killing the process. `LOG` 2 (the default) means the transaction log is enabled, and FileDescriptor.sync is called for each checkpoint. This setting is about half as fast as `LOG` 1. Depending on the file system, this will also protect against power failure in the majority if cases. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is not persistent. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;LOG=0` Example: SET LOG 1 ### SET LOCK_MODE
    SET LOCK_MODE int
`SET LOCK_MODE int`
Sets the lock mode. The values 0, 1, 2, and 3 are supported. The default is 3 (`READ_COMMITTED`). This setting affects all connections. The value 0 means no locking (should only be used for testing; also known as `READ_UNCOMMITTED`). Please note that using `SET LOCK_MODE` 0 while at the same time using multiple connections may result in inconsistent transactions. The value 1 means table level locking (also known as `SERIALIZABLE`). The value 2 means table level locking with garbage collection (if the application does not close all connections). The value 3 means table level locking, but read locks are released immediately (default; also known as `READ_COMMITTED`). Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;LOCK_MODE=3` Example: SET LOCK_MODE 1 ### SET LOCK_TIMEOUT
    SET LOCK_TIMEOUT int
`SET LOCK_TIMEOUT int`
Sets the lock timeout (in milliseconds) for the current session. The default value for this setting is 1000 (one second). This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;LOCK_TIMEOUT=10000` Example: SET LOCK_TIMEOUT 1000 ### SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB
    SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB int
`SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB int`
Sets the maximum size of an in-place `LOB` object. This is the maximum length of an `LOB` that is stored with the record itself, and the default value is 128. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. Example: SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB 128 ### SET MAX_LOG_SIZE
    SET MAX_LOG_SIZE int
`SET MAX_LOG_SIZE int`
Sets the maximum size of the transaction log, in megabytes. If the log is larger, and if there is no open transaction, the transaction log is truncated. If there is an open transaction, the transaction log will continue to grow however. The default max size is 16 MB. This setting has no effect for in-memory databases. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. Example: SET MAX_LOG_SIZE 2 ### SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS
    SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS int
`SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS int`
The maximum number of rows in a result set that are kept in-memory. If more rows are read, then the rows are buffered to disk. The default is 40000 per GB of available `RAM`. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. It has no effect for in-memory databases. Example: SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS 1000 ### SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO
    SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO int
`SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO int`
The maximum number of undo records per a session that are kept in-memory. If a transaction is larger, the records are buffered to disk. The default value is 50000. Changes to tables without a primary key can not be buffered to disk. This setting is not supported when using multi-version concurrency. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. It has no effect for in-memory databases. Example: SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO 1000 ### SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY
    SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY int
`SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY int`
Sets the maximum memory used for large operations (delete and insert), in bytes. Operations that use more memory are buffered to disk, slowing down the operation. The default max size is 100000. 0 means no limit. This setting is not persistent. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. It has no effect for in-memory databases. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY=10000` Example: SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY 0 ### SET MODE
    SET MODE { REGULAR | DB2 | DERBY | HSQLDB | MSSQLSERVER | MYSQL | ORACLE | POSTGRESQL }
`SET MODE` |
| `REGULAR` |
| `DB2` |
| `DERBY` |
| `HSQLDB` |
| `MSSQLSERVER` |
| `MYSQL` |
| `ORACLE` |
| `POSTGRESQL` |
Changes to another database compatibility mode. For details, see Compatibility Modes in the feature section. This setting is not persistent. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;MODE=MYSQL` Example: SET MODE HSQLDB ### SET MULTI_THREADED
    SET MULTI_THREADED { 0 | 1 }
`SET MULTI_THREADED` |
| `0` |
| `1` |
Enabled (1) or disabled (0) multi-threading inside the database engine. By default, this setting is disabled. Currently, enabling this is experimental only. This is a global setting, which means it is not possible to open multiple databases with different modes at the same time in the same virtual machine. This setting is not persistent, however the value is kept until the virtual machine exits or it is changed. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;MULTI_THREADED=1` Example: SET MULTI_THREADED 1 ### SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS
    SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS { 0 | 1 }
`SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS` |
| `0` |
| `1` |
Enabled (1) or disabled (0) the result reuse optimization. If enabled, subqueries and views used as subqueries are only re-run if the data in one of the tables was changed. This option is enabled by default. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS=0` Example: SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS 0 ### SET PASSWORD
    SET PASSWORD string
`SET PASSWORD string`
Changes the password of the current user. The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: SET PASSWORD 'abcstzri!.5' ### SET QUERY_STATISTICS
    SET QUERY_STATISTICS { TRUE | FALSE }
`SET QUERY_STATISTICS` |
| `TRUE` |
| `FALSE` |
Disabled or enables query statistics gathering for the whole database. The statistics are reflected in the `INFORMATION_SCHEMA.QUERY_STATISTICS` meta-table. This setting is not persistent. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. Example: SET QUERY_STATISTICS FALSE ### SET QUERY_STATISTICS_MAX_ENTRIES
    SET QUERY_STATISTICS int
`SET QUERY_STATISTICS int`
Set the maximum number of entries in query statistics meta-table. Default value is 100. This setting is not persistent. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. Example: SET QUERY_STATISTICS_MAX_ENTRIES 500 ### SET QUERY_TIMEOUT
    SET QUERY_TIMEOUT int
`SET QUERY_TIMEOUT int`
Set the query timeout of the current session to the given value. The timeout is in milliseconds. All kinds of statements will throw an exception if they take longer than the given value. The default timeout is 0, meaning no timeout. This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it. Example: SET QUERY_TIMEOUT 10000 ### SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY
    SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY { TRUE | FALSE }
`SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY` |
| `TRUE` |
| `FALSE` |
Disabled or enables referential integrity checking for the whole database. Enabling it does not check existing data. Use `ALTER TABLE SET` to disable it only for one table. This setting is not persistent. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. Example: SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY FALSE ### SET RETENTION_TIME
    SET RETENTION_TIME int
`SET RETENTION_TIME int`
This property is only used when using the `MVStore` storage engine. How long to retain old, persisted data, in milliseconds. The default is 45000 (45 seconds), 0 means overwrite data as early as possible. It is assumed that a file system and hard disk will flush all write buffers within this time. Using a lower value might be dangerous, unless the file system and hard disk flush the buffers earlier. To manually flush the buffers, use `CHECKPOINT SYNC`, however please note that according to various tests this does not always work as expected depending on the operating system and hardware. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting is persistent. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;RETENTION_TIME=0` Example: SET RETENTION_TIME 0 ### SET SALT HASH
    SET SALT bytes HASH bytes
`SET SALT bytes HASH bytes`
Sets the password salt and hash for the current user. The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: SET SALT '00' HASH '1122' ### SET SCHEMA
    SET SCHEMA schemaName
`SET SCHEMA schemaName`
Changes the default schema of the current connection. The default schema is used in statements where no schema is set explicitly. The default schema for new connections is `PUBLIC`. This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;SCHEMA=ABC` Example: SET SCHEMA INFORMATION_SCHEMA ### SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH
    SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH schemaName [,...]
`SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH schemaName` |
| `, ...` |
Changes the schema search path of the current connection. The default schema is used in statements where no schema is set explicitly. The default schema for new connections is `PUBLIC`. This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH=ABC,DEF` Example: SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH INFORMATION_SCHEMA, PUBLIC ### SET THROTTLE
    SET THROTTLE int
`SET THROTTLE int`
Sets the throttle for the current connection. The value is the number of milliseconds delay after each 50 ms. The default value is 0 (throttling disabled). This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;THROTTLE=50` Example: SET THROTTLE 200 ### SET TRACE_LEVEL
    SET { TRACE_LEVEL_FILE | TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT } int
`SET` |
| `TRACE_LEVEL_FILE` |
| `TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT` |
| `int`
Sets the trace level for file the file or system out stream. Levels are: 0=off, 1=error, 2=info, 3=debug. The default level is 1 for file and 0 for system out. To use `SLF4J`, append `;TRACE_LEVEL_FILE=4` to the database URL when opening the database. This setting is not persistent. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT=3` Example: SET TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT 3 ### SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE
    SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE int
`SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE int`
Sets the maximum trace file size. If the file exceeds the limit, the file is renamed to .old and a new file is created. If another .old file exists, it is deleted. The default max size is 16 MB. This setting is persistent. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE=3` Example: SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE 10 ### SET UNDO_LOG
    SET UNDO_LOG int
`SET UNDO_LOG int`
Enables (1) or disables (0) the per session undo log. The undo log is enabled by default. When disabled, transactions can not be rolled back. This setting should only be used for bulk operations that don't need to be atomic. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. Example: SET UNDO_LOG 0 ### SET WRITE_DELAY
    SET WRITE_DELAY int
`SET WRITE_DELAY int`
Set the maximum delay between a commit and flushing the log, in milliseconds. This setting is persistent. The default is 500 ms. Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections. This command commits an open transaction in this connection. This setting can be appended to the database URL: `jdbc:h2:test;WRITE_DELAY=0` Example: SET WRITE_DELAY 2000 ### SHUTDOWN
    SHUTDOWN [ IMMEDIATELY | COMPACT | DEFRAG ]
`SHUTDOWN` |
| `IMMEDIATELY` |
| `COMPACT` |
| `DEFRAG` |
This statement closes all open connections to the database and closes the database. This command is usually not required, as the database is closed automatically when the last connection to it is closed. If no option is used, then the database is closed normally. All connections are closed, open transactions are rolled back. `SHUTDOWN COMPACT` fully compacts the database (re-creating the database may further reduce the database size). If the database is closed normally (using `SHUTDOWN` or by closing all connections), then the database is also compacted, but only for at most the time defined by the database setting `h2.maxCompactTime` in milliseconds (see there). `SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATELY` closes the database files without any cleanup and without compacting. `SHUTDOWN DEFRAG` re-orders the pages when closing the database so that table scans are faster. Admin rights are required to execute this command. Example: SHUTDOWN COMPACT ### Alias `name` An alias is a name that is only valid in the context of the statement. Example: A ### And Condition
`condition` |
`AND condition` |
| `...` |
Value or condition. Example: ID=1 AND NAME='Hi' ### Array
`(` |
`expression ,` |
`expression` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
An array of values. An empty array is '()'. Trailing commas are ignored. An array with one element must contain a comma to be parsed as an array. Example: (1, 2) (1, ) () ### Boolean
| `TRUE` |
| `FALSE` |
A boolean value. Example: TRUE ### Bytes
`X ' hex '`
A binary value. The hex value is not case sensitive. Example: X'01FF' ### Case
`CASE expression WHEN expression THEN expression` |
| `...` |
`ELSE expression`
| `END`
Returns the first expression where the value is equal to the test expression. If no else part is specified, return `NULL`. Example: CASE CNT WHEN 0 THEN 'No' WHEN 1 THEN 'One' ELSE 'Some' END ### Case When
`CASE WHEN expression THEN expression` |
| `...` |
`ELSE expression`
| `END`
Returns the first expression where the condition is true. If no else part is specified, return `NULL`. Example: CASE WHEN CNT<10 THEN 'Low' ELSE 'High' END ### Cipher `AES` Only the algorithm `AES` (`AES-128`) is supported currently. Example: AES ### Column Definition
`columnName dataType`
| `VISIBLE` |
| `INVISIBLE` |
`DEFAULT expression`
`AS computedColumnExpression`
| `NOT` |
| `NULL`
| `AUTO_INCREMENT` |
| `IDENTITY` |
`( startInt` |
`, incrementInt`
| `)`
`SELECTIVITY selectivity`
`COMMENT expression`
`PRIMARY KEY` |
| `HASH` |
| `UNIQUE` |
`CHECK condition`
Default expressions are used if no explicit value was used when adding a row. The computed column expression is evaluated and assigned whenever the row changes. Identity and auto-increment columns are columns with a sequence as the default. The column declared as the identity columns is implicitly the primary key column of this table (unlike auto-increment columns). The invisible column will not be displayed as a result of `SELECT` * query. Otherwise, it works as normal column. The options `PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE`, and `CHECK` are not supported for `ALTER` statements. Check constraints can reference columns of the table, and they can reference objects that exist while the statement is executed. Conditions are only checked when a row is added or modified in the table where the constraint exists. Example: CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT ''); CREATE TABLE TEST(ID BIGINT IDENTITY); CREATE TABLE TEST(QUANTITY INT, PRICE DECIMAL, AMOUNT DECIMAL AS QUANTITY*PRICE); ### Comments
`- - anything`
`/ / anything`
`/ * anything * /`
Comments can be used anywhere in a command and are ignored by the database. Line comments end with a newline. Block comments cannot be nested, but can be multiple lines long. Example: // This is a comment ### Compare
`< >`
`< =`
`> =`
| `=` |
| `<` |
| `>` |
`! =`
| `&&` |
Comparison operator. The operator != is the same as <>. The operator `&&` means overlapping; it can only be used with geometry types. Example: <> ### Condition
`operand` |
| `conditionRightHandSide` |
`NOT condition`
`EXISTS ( select )`
Boolean value or condition. Example: ID<>2 ### Condition Right Hand Side
`compare` |
| `ALL` |
| `ANY` |
| `SOME` |
| `( select )`
| `operand` |
`IS` |
| `NOT` |
| `NULL`
`IS` |
| `NOT` |
`DISTINCT FROM`
| `operand`
`BETWEEN operand AND operand`
`IN (` |
| `select` |
`expression` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
| `NOT` |
| `LIKE` |
| `ILIKE` |
| `operand` |
`ESCAPE string`
| `NOT` |
| `REGEXP operand`
The right hand side of a condition. The conditions `IS [ NOT ]` and `IS [ NOT ] DISTINCT FROM` are null-safe, meaning `NULL` is considered the same as `NULL`, and the condition never evaluates to `NULL`. When comparing with `LIKE`, the wildcards characters are `_` (any one character) and `%` (any characters). The database uses an index when comparing with `LIKE` except if the operand starts with a wildcard. To search for the characters `%` and `_`, the characters need to be escaped. The default escape character is `\` (backslash). To select no escape character, use `ESCAPE ''` (empty string). At most one escape character is allowed. Each character that follows the escape character in the pattern needs to match exactly. Patterns that end with an escape character are invalid and the expression returns `NULL`. `ILIKE` does a case-insensitive compare. When comparing with `REGEXP`, regular expression matching is used. See Java `Matcher.find` for details. Example: LIKE 'Jo%' ### Constraint
| `constraintNameDefinition` |
`CHECK expression`
`UNIQUE ( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
| `referentialConstraint` |
`PRIMARY KEY` |
| `HASH` |
| `( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
Defines a constraint. The check condition must evaluate to `TRUE, FALSE` or `NULL`. `TRUE` and `NULL` mean the operation is to be permitted, and `FALSE` means the operation is to be rejected. To prevent `NULL` in a column, use `NOT NULL` instead of a check constraint. Example: PRIMARY KEY(ID, NAME) ### Constraint Name Definition
`CONSTRAINT` |
`IF NOT EXISTS`
| `newConstraintName`
Defines a constraint name. Example: CONSTRAINT CONST_ID ### Csv Options
`charsetString` |
`, fieldSepString` |
`, fieldDelimString` |
`, escString` |
`, nullString`
Optional parameters for `CSVREAD` and `CSVWRITE`. Instead of setting the options one by one, all options can be combined into a space separated key-value pairs, as follows: `STRINGDECODE('charset=UTF-8 escape=\" fieldDelimiter=\" fieldSeparator=, ' || 'lineComment=# lineSeparator=\n null= rowSeparator=')`. The following options are supported: `caseSensitiveColumnNames` (true or false; disabled by default), `charset` (for example '`UTF`-8'), `escape` (the character that escapes the field delimiter), `fieldDelimiter` (a double quote by default), `fieldSeparator` (a comma by default)), `lineComment` (disabled by default), `lineSeparator` (the line separator used for writing; ignored for reading), `null`, Support reading existing `CSV` files that contain explicit `null` delimiters. Note that an empty, unquoted values are also treated as null. `preserveWhitespace` (true or false; disabled by default), `writeColumnHeader` (true or false; enabled by default). For a newline or other special character, use `STRINGDECODE` as in the example above. A space needs to be escaped with a backslash (`'\ '`), and a backslash needs to be escaped with another backslash (`'\\'`). All other characters are not to be escaped, that means newline and tab characters are written as such. Example: CALL CSVWRITE('test2.csv', 'SELECT * FROM TEST', 'charset=UTF-8 fieldSeparator=|'); ### Data Type
| `intType` |
| `booleanType` |
| `tinyintType` |
| `smallintType` |
| `bigintType` |
| `identityType` |
| `decimalType` |
| `doubleType` |
| `realType` |
| `dateType` |
| `timeType` |
| `timestampType` |
| `binaryType` |
| `otherType` |
| `varcharType` |
| `varcharIgnorecaseType` |
| `charType` |
| `blobType` |
| `clobType` |
| `uuidType` |
| `arrayType` |
| `enumType` |
A data type definition. Example: INT ### Date
`DATE ' 2000-01-01 '`
A date literal. The limitations are the same as for the Java data type `java.sql.Date`, but for compatibility with other databases the suggested minimum and maximum years are 0001 and 9999. Example: DATE '2004-12-31' ### Decimal
| `+` |
| `-` |
`number` |
`. number`
`. number`
`E` |
| `+` |
| `-` |
| `expNumber` |
| `...` |
A decimal number with fixed precision and scale. Internally, `java.lang.BigDecimal` is used. To ensure the floating point representation is used, use `CAST`(X `AS DOUBLE`). There are some special decimal values: to represent positive infinity, use `POWER(0, -1)`; for negative infinity, use `(-POWER(0, -1))`; for -0.0, use `(-CAST(0 AS DOUBLE))`; for `NaN` (not a number), use `SQRT(-1)`. Example: SELECT -1600.05 SELECT CAST(0 AS DOUBLE) SELECT -1.4e-10 ### Digit `0-9` A digit. Example: 0 ### Dollar Quoted String
`$ $ anything $ $`
A string starts and ends with two dollar signs. Two dollar signs are not allowed within the text. A whitespace is required before the first set of dollar signs. No escaping is required within the text. Example: $$John's car$$ ### Expression
`andCondition` |
`OR andCondition` |
| `...` |
Value or condition. Example: ID=1 OR NAME='Hi' ### Factor
`term` |
| `*` |
| `/` |
| `%` |
| `term` |
| `...` |
A value or a numeric factor. Example: ID * 10 ### Hex
| `digit` |
`a - f`
| `A-F` |
| `digit` |
`a - f`
| `A-F` |
| `...` |
The hexadecimal representation of a number or of bytes. Two characters are one byte. Example: cafe ### Hex Number
| `+` |
| `-` |
| `0x hex`
A number written in hexadecimal notation. Example: 0xff ### Index Column
`columnName` |
| `ASC` |
| `DESC` |
`NULLS` |
| `FIRST` |
| `LAST` |
Indexes this column in ascending or descending order. Usually it is not required to specify the order; however doing so will speed up large queries that order the column in the same way. Example: NAME ### Int
| `+` |
| `-` |
| `number`
The maximum integer number is 2147483647, the minimum is -2147483648. Example: 10 ### Long
| `+` |
| `-` |
| `number`
Long numbers are between -9223372036854775808 and 9223372036854775807. Example: 100000 ### Name
`A-Z | _` |
| `A-Z | _` |
| `0-9` |
| `...` |
| `quotedName` |
Names are not case sensitive. There is no maximum name length. Example: TEST ### Null `NULL` `NULL` is a value without data type and means 'unknown value'. Example: NULL ### Number
`digit` |
| `...` |
The maximum length of the number depends on the data type used. Example: 100 ### Numeric
| `decimal` |
| `int` |
| `long` |
| `hexNumber` |
The data type of a numeric value is always the lowest possible for the given value. If the number contains a dot this is decimal; otherwise it is int, long, or decimal (depending on the value). Example: SELECT -1600.05 SELECT CAST(0 AS DOUBLE) SELECT -1.4e-10 ### Operand
`summand` |
`|| summand` |
| `...` |
A value or a concatenation of values. In the default mode, the result is `NULL` if either parameter is `NULL`. Example: 'Hi' || ' Eva' ### Order
| `int` |
| `expression` |
| `ASC` |
| `DESC` |
`NULLS` |
| `FIRST` |
| `LAST` |
Sorts the result by the given column number, or by an expression. If the expression is a single parameter, then the value is interpreted as a column number. Negative column numbers reverse the sort order. Example: NAME DESC NULLS LAST ### Quoted Name
`" anything "`
Quoted names are case sensitive, and can contain spaces. There is no maximum name length. Two double quotes can be used to create a single double quote inside an identifier. Example: "FirstName" ### Referential Constraint
`FOREIGN KEY ( columnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
`REFERENCES` |
| `refTableName` |
`( refColumnName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
`ON DELETE referentialAction`
`ON UPDATE referentialAction`
Defines a referential constraint. If the table name is not specified, then the same table is referenced. `RESTRICT` is the default action. If the referenced columns are not specified, then the primary key columns are used. The required indexes are automatically created if required. Some tables may not be referenced, such as metadata tables. Example: FOREIGN KEY(ID) REFERENCES TEST(ID) ### Referential Action
| `CASCADE` |
| `RESTRICT` |
`NO ACTION`
`SET` |
| `DEFAULT` |
| `NULL` |
The action `CASCADE` will cause conflicting rows in the referencing (child) table to be deleted or updated. `RESTRICT` is the default action. As this database does not support deferred checking, `RESTRICT` and `NO ACTION` will both throw an exception if the constraint is violated. The action `SET DEFAULT` will set the column in the referencing (child) table to the default value, while `SET NULL` will set it to `NULL`. Example: FOREIGN KEY(ID) REFERENCES TEST(ID) ON UPDATE CASCADE ### Script Compression Encryption
`COMPRESSION` |
| `DEFLATE` |
| `LZF` |
| `ZIP` |
| `GZIP` |
`CIPHER cipher PASSWORD string`
The compression and encryption algorithm to use for script files. When using encryption, only `DEFLATE` and `LZF` are supported. `LZF` is faster but uses more space. Example: COMPRESSION LZF ### Select Expression
| `*` |
`expression` |
| `AS` |
| `columnAlias`
`tableAlias . *`
An expression in a `SELECT` statement. Example: ID AS VALUE ### String
`' anything '`
A string starts and ends with a single quote. Two single quotes can be used to create a single quote inside a string. Example: 'John''s car' ### Summand
`factor` |
| `+` |
| `-` |
| `factor` |
| `...` |
A value or a numeric sum. Please note the text concatenation operator is `||`. Example: ID + 20 ### Table Expression
`schemaName .`
| `tableName`
`( select )`
| `valuesExpression` |
| `AS` |
| `newTableAlias`
`USE INDEX (` |
`indexName` |
| `, ...` |
| `)`
| `LEFT` |
| `RIGHT` |
| `OUTER` |
| `INNER` |
| `CROSS` |
| `NATURAL` |
| `JOIN tableExpression` |
`ON expression`
Joins a table. The join expression is not supported for cross and natural joins. A natural join is an inner join, where the condition is automatically on the columns with the same name. Example: TEST AS T LEFT JOIN TEST AS T1 ON T.ID = T1.ID ### Values Expression
`VALUES ( expression` |
| `, ...` |
| `)` |
| `, ...` |
A list of rows that can be used like a table. The column list of the resulting table is C1, C2, and so on. Example: SELECT * FROM (VALUES(1, 'Hello'), (2, 'World')) AS V; ### Term
| `value` |
| `columnName` |
`?` |
| `int` |
`NEXT VALUE FOR sequenceName`
| `Function` |
| `-` |
| `+` |
| `term`
`( expression )`
| `select` |
| `case` |
| `caseWhen` |
`tableAlias . columnName`
| `userDefinedFunctionName` |
A value. Parameters can be indexed, for example `?1` meaning the first parameter. Each table has a pseudo-column named `_ROWID_` that contains the unique row identifier. Example: 'Hello' ### Time
`TIME ' 12:00:00 '`
A time literal. A value is between plus and minus 2 million hours and has nanosecond resolution. Example: TIME '23:59:59' ### Timestamp
`TIMESTAMP ' 2000-01-01 12:00:00` |
`. 000000000`
| `'`
A timestamp literal. The limitations are the same as for the Java data type `java.sql.Timestamp`, but for compatibility with other databases the suggested minimum and maximum years are 0001 and 9999. Example: TIMESTAMP '2005-12-31 23:59:59' ### Value
| `string` |
| `dollarQuotedString` |
| `numeric` |
| `date` |
| `time` |
| `timestamp` |
| `boolean` |
| `bytes` |
| `array` |
| `null` |
A literal value of any data type, or null. Example: 10 ### Information Schema The system tables in the schema `INFORMATION_SCHEMA` contain the meta data of all tables in the database as well as the current settings.
Table | Columns
--- | ---
CATALOGS | CATALOG_NAME
COLLATIONS | NAME, KEY
COLUMNS | TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, COLUMN_DEFAULT, IS_NULLABLE, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX, NUMERIC_SCALE, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME, TYPE_NAME, NULLABLE, IS_COMPUTED, SELECTIVITY, CHECK_CONSTRAINT, SEQUENCE_NAME, REMARKS, SOURCE_DATA_TYPE
COLUMN_PRIVILEGES | GRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, PRIVILEGE_TYPE, IS_GRANTABLE
CONSTANTS | CONSTANT_CATALOG, CONSTANT_SCHEMA, CONSTANT_NAME, DATA_TYPE, REMARKS, SQL, ID
CONSTRAINTS | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME, CONSTRAINT_TYPE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, UNIQUE_INDEX_NAME, CHECK_EXPRESSION, COLUMN_LIST, REMARKS, SQL, ID
CROSS_REFERENCES | PKTABLE_CATALOG, PKTABLE_SCHEMA, PKTABLE_NAME, PKCOLUMN_NAME, FKTABLE_CATALOG, FKTABLE_SCHEMA, FKTABLE_NAME, FKCOLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, UPDATE_RULE, DELETE_RULE, FK_NAME, PK_NAME, DEFERRABILITY
DOMAINS | DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME, COLUMN_DEFAULT, IS_NULLABLE, DATA_TYPE, PRECISION, SCALE, TYPE_NAME, SELECTIVITY, CHECK_CONSTRAINT, REMARKS, SQL, ID
FUNCTION_ALIASES | ALIAS_CATALOG, ALIAS_SCHEMA, ALIAS_NAME, JAVA_CLASS, JAVA_METHOD, DATA_TYPE, TYPE_NAME, COLUMN_COUNT, RETURNS_RESULT, REMARKS, ID, SOURCE
FUNCTION_COLUMNS | ALIAS_CATALOG, ALIAS_SCHEMA, ALIAS_NAME, JAVA_CLASS, JAVA_METHOD, COLUMN_COUNT, POS, COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, TYPE_NAME, PRECISION, SCALE, RADIX, NULLABLE, COLUMN_TYPE, REMARKS, COLUMN_DEFAULT
HELP | ID, SECTION, TOPIC, SYNTAX, TEXT
INDEXES | TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, NON_UNIQUE, INDEX_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, COLUMN_NAME, CARDINALITY, PRIMARY_KEY, INDEX_TYPE_NAME, IS_GENERATED, INDEX_TYPE, ASC_OR_DESC, PAGES, FILTER_CONDITION, REMARKS, SQL, ID, SORT_TYPE, CONSTRAINT_NAME, INDEX_CLASS
IN_DOUBT | TRANSACTION, STATE
LOCKS | TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, SESSION_ID, LOCK_TYPE
QUERY_STATISTICS | SQL_STATEMENT, EXECUTION_COUNT, MIN_EXECUTION_TIME, MAX_EXECUTION_TIME, CUMULATIVE_EXECUTION_TIME, AVERAGE_EXECUTION_TIME, STD_DEV_EXECUTION_TIME, MIN_ROW_COUNT, MAX_ROW_COUNT, CUMULATIVE_ROW_COUNT, AVERAGE_ROW_COUNT, STD_DEV_ROW_COUNT
RIGHTS | GRANTEE, GRANTEETYPE, GRANTEDROLE, RIGHTS, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, ID
ROLES | NAME, REMARKS, ID
SCHEMATA | CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA_OWNER, DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME, DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME, IS_DEFAULT, REMARKS, ID
SEQUENCES | SEQUENCE_CATALOG, SEQUENCE_SCHEMA, SEQUENCE_NAME, CURRENT_VALUE, INCREMENT, IS_GENERATED, REMARKS, CACHE, MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, IS_CYCLE, ID
SESSIONS | ID, USER_NAME, SESSION_START, STATEMENT, STATEMENT_START, CONTAINS_UNCOMMITTED
SESSION_STATE | KEY, SQL
SETTINGS | NAME, VALUE
TABLES | TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, TABLE_TYPE, STORAGE_TYPE, SQL, REMARKS, LAST_MODIFICATION, ID, TYPE_NAME, TABLE_CLASS, ROW_COUNT_ESTIMATE
TABLE_PRIVILEGES | GRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, PRIVILEGE_TYPE, IS_GRANTABLE
TABLE_TYPES | TYPE
TRIGGERS | TRIGGER_CATALOG, TRIGGER_SCHEMA, TRIGGER_NAME, TRIGGER_TYPE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, BEFORE, JAVA_CLASS, QUEUE_SIZE, NO_WAIT, REMARKS, SQL, ID
TYPE_INFO | TYPE_NAME, DATA_TYPE, PRECISION, PREFIX, SUFFIX, PARAMS, AUTO_INCREMENT, MINIMUM_SCALE, MAXIMUM_SCALE, RADIX, POS, CASE_SENSITIVE, NULLABLE, SEARCHABLE
USERS | NAME, ADMIN, REMARKS, ID
VIEWS | TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, VIEW_DEFINITION, CHECK_OPTION, IS_UPDATABLE, STATUS, REMARKS, ID
### Range Table The range table is a dynamic system table that contains all values from a start to an end value. The table contains one column called X. Both the start and end values are included in the result. The table is used as follows: Example:
    SELECT X FROM SYSTEM_RANGE(1, 10);